Differences Between Baleen and Toothed Whales

Cetaceans are a group of aquatic mammals which include all the varieties of whales and dolphins. There are over 80 recognized species of cetaceans, including both freshwater and saltwater natives. These species are divided into two main groups: the baleen whales  and the toothed whales. While they are all considered whales, there are some important differences between the two types.   Baleen Whales Baleen is a substance made of keratin (the protein that makes up human fingernails). Baleen  whales have as many as 600 plates of baleen in their upper jaws.   Whales strain seawater through the baleen, and hairs on the baleen capture fish, shrimp, and plankton. The salt water then flows back out of the whales mouth. The largest baleen whales strain and eat as much as a ton of fish and plankton each day. There are 12 species of baleen whales which live all over the world. Baleen whales were (and still sometimes are) hunted for their oil and ambergris; in addition, many are injured by boats, nets, pollution, and climate change. As a result, some species of baleen whales are endangered or near extinction. Baleen whales: Are generally larger than toothed whales. The largest animal in the world, the blue whale, is a baleen whale.Feed on smaller fish and plankton with a filtering system made up of hundreds of baleen plates.Tend to be solitary, although they occasionally gather in groups to feed or to travel.Have two blowholes on top of their head, one right next to the other (toothed whales have only one).Female baleen whales are larger than males of the same species. Examples of baleen whales include the blue whale, right whale, fin whale, and humpback whale. Toothed Whales It may come as a surprise to learn that the toothed whales include all species of  dolphins  and porpoises. In fact, 32 species of dolphins and 6 species of porpoises are toothed whales. Orcas, sometimes called killer  whales, are actually the worlds largest dolphins. While whales are larger than dolphins, dolphins are large (and more talkative) than porpoises.   Some toothed whales are freshwater animals; these include six species of river dolphins. River dolphins are freshwater mammals with long snouts and small eyes, which live in rivers in Asia and South America. Like baleen whales, many species of toothed whales are endangered. Toothed whales: Are generally smaller than baleen whales, although there are some exceptions (e.g., the sperm whale and Bairds beaked whale).  Are active predators and have teeth that they use to catch their prey and swallow it whole. The prey varies depending on species but can include fish, seals, sea lions or even other whales.Have a much stronger social structure than baleen whales, often gathering in pods with a stable social structure.Have one blowhole on top of their head.Unlike baleen whales, males of toothed whales species are usually larger than females. Examples of toothed whales include the beluga whale, bottlenose dolphin, and common dolphin.

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 1542 Words

Hamlet was the character who was the protagonist. He was the son of Queen Gertrude and, at the start of the play, he was around thirty years old. King Claudius was his uncle. He was referred to as the Prince of Denmark (Faulkner 69). Hamlet was very fascinating and was a complex character that people have discussed for years (Williamson 03). Hamlet was an enigma and intriguing which made him a very captivating character. Because of this, many readers found it difficult to describe him (Price 54). He even suggested to his mother, Guildenstern, Rosencrantz, and children of friends that he was more complex than they knew (Williamson 11). Hamlet was very philosophical in nature, which was backed by his contemplative manner after the death of his father (Madariaga 72). His father s death shocked and devastated him which impeded his studies at the university. Hamlet had many questions about this, which were answered after the visit by The Ghost, his father s spirit. He learned from this visit that his uncle, Claudius, was the murderer. The Ghost encouraged him to seek revenge which he felt he must do for the love he felt for his father (Williamson 56). However, he was still unsure with the evidence he had and felt he needed to be certain before he acted. Hamlet was very much inquisitive. He portrayed this when he contemplated the idea of life after death. He thought about suicide and what happened after death. He wanted to know what happened to dead bodies. SuicideShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakesp eare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. 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A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax

Question: Discuss about thePathophysiology of Pneumothorax. Answer: Introduction: Pneumothorax can be defined as the accumulation of air bubbles in between the pleural cavity that disconnects the lungs from the chest wall. General pneumothorax is not fatal and be treated easily unless it approaches tension pneumothorax (Tschopp et al., 2015). Tension pneumothorax is a critical manifestation when the air bubble increases in size forming a one way valve damaging the surrounding tissue exponentially (Porpodis et al., 2014). This report attempts to assess the case of Mr. Leigh Richards, who had a terrifying car crash that resulted into clinical complexities such as a traumatic pneumothoax rapidly escalating towards the tension stage. In this report the pathophysiology of his case will be explained with detailed description of his condition and treatment. Description: The patient in this case study has suffered form an unfortunate accident, while being restrained to a rally car. He was driving a dirt road on high speed when the tree hit a tree and he was trapped inside the car by an intrusion that pinned his leg (Porpodis et al., 2014). The patient soon approached trauma and was unconscious, and the car needed to be cut in order to free his pinned leg, and provide inline extrication. The patient was addressed by SAAS ambulance officers, a CFS crew and MedStar trauma team. Symptoms: In the initial stages the symptoms diagnosed by X-ray and computed tomography, of the patient included, Pleuritic Pain Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity, it usually cause sharp pleurotic pain. The pain is due to the pressure exerted by the air on the lungs and collapsing the lungs (Porpodis et al., 2014). Elevated Respiratory Rate The presence of an air bubble in the pleural cavity interferes with the normal flow of oxygen within the lung, in order to supply enough oxygen, the body compensates by increasing the respiratory rate (Tschopp et al., 2015). Hyper Resonant Lung Sounds In case of a traumatic pneumothorax rapidly approaching tension phase, the jugular venous distention can create hyper resonant lung sounds (Porpodis et al., 2014). Neck Vein Distension due to the rapidly distorting lung functions, the neck vein can appear distorted by the pressure. Deviation in the Trachea in the Injured Site Deviated trachea can also be a part of the symptoms, due the distortion of the wound and the pressure generated in the lungs can deviate the trachea around the injury site (Porpodis et al., 2014). Asymmetric Chest. The inflammation caused by pneumothorax can lead to asymmetry in the chest. Intervention: After the initial observations the patient was recommended immediate UWSD insertion to stabilize his medical condition. The pleural space cavity is a particular that is present as an outer covering to the lungs. The two types of pleura membranes are known as Visceral and the Parietal (Alrajhi, Woo Vaillancourt, 2012). The pleura membrane folds back for forming a two-layered membrane structure. The space in between the two different types of pleural membranes is known as Pleural cavity. It contains the pleural fluid that helps the allowance of the pleurae for sliding effortlessly during ventilation. The insertion of the chest tube can cause difficulty in breathing as well (Alrajab et al., 2013). For the draining of both the fluid and the air,. the number of chest tube increases in number. But in the case of transplantation of lungs, one may require 4 chest tubes for the drainage purpose. The chest tube normally remains as long as it required for draining the fluids from the chest of the patient and it remains attached for monitoring the regular X-rays of the chest for the resolution of the problem (Russo et al. 2015). The patient was suffering from pneumothorax, and for liberating out the gas present inside the pleural membrane of the lungs. He was being given the chest tube so that he does not develop the chronic pneumothorax (Ianniello et al., 2014) Description of UWSD: An underwater seal drain also known as UWSD is a type of drainage canister device that is mainly used for the collection of the drainage material from the thoracic cavity, such as pus, excess water or air. This type of drainage canister consists mainly of three broad chambers that act as a three bottled chamber (Edaigbini et al., 2014). The first chamber mainly collects the fluid only from the chest. The second chamber acts as a valve and does not allows the water to flow to the backward direction back to the chest. It only allows the discharge of the gas to the backward direction that also prevents the entry of it. The third chamber is known as the suction control chamber. The height of the water present here regulates the pressure that is negative in nature that is applied to the system (Benns et al. 2015). Usefulness: The chest tube is a long, hollow, flexible tube that is inserted through the wall of the chest, in between the ribs and the space just inside the pleural or mediastium of the lungs is known as Intercoastal Catheter. It is generally used for removing the fluid or the excess air or the pus from the part of intrathoracic space. It is also known as Intercoastal Catheter (Allen Ganti, 2016). The bubbling through the water column minimizes the rate of the evaporation of the fluid which indicates the suction is in the regulation for the height of the given water column. The newer canisters of the drainage help in the elimination of the waste using a mechanical check valve, in which a mechanical regulator is attached to it for the regulation of the suction pressure (Woodrow, 2013). Systems that follow both the employs are known to be the Dry system, whereas the system that helps in retaining the water is known to be the Wet-dry systems. Effect of UWSD on the Patient: Under water seal drain operation was vital for the patient to successfully avoid tension pneumothorax, and after effective insertion of chest tube the vitals of the patent revived gradually and the manifestation of the disease reduced drastically (Kuhajda et al., 2014). The post operative observation of the patient include after first UWSD insertion, Immediately after UWSD, the Pulse of teh patient increased to 122 beats/ min breathing rate returned to normalcy by elevating the pressure of the air bubble Blood pressure significantly dropped And oxygen saturation returned to 92% as the patient approached relaxed breathing With these observations, it is clear that the vitals of the patient improved after the UWSD, however it was not enough. The cyanosis and shallow breathing can attest to the need of another UWSD insertion in order to completely eradicate the pneumothorax (Ho, 2015). After the insertion of another UWSD, the observations of the patient are, Pulse increased to 90 beats/min Respiratory rate 20breaths/min Blood pressure increased to 114/68mmHg Cardiac sinus rhythm returned to 90beats/min Studies suggest the successful insertion of UWSD followed by adequate pressure suction can help in reviving the normal functionality in the patient that had been previously hindered due to limited oxygen in the body, in case of the patient, pedal pulse returned in the left leg indicating normal cardiac functions Strength returned to right leg along with presence of pedal pulse. Radial pulse returned to left arm indicating cardiac stability once again Radial pulse returned to right arm as well indicating gradual progress of the patient towards recovery (Tschopp et al., 2015) Medication Involved: The treatment of choice in case of a pneumothorax is the insertion of chet tube via under water seal drain, which is explained in detail above. However the degree of such operative measures are determined by the severity of teh symptoms. In this case the patient was exhibiting symptoms taht were raidly leading to a much complicated and dangerous satge of tension pnemothorax, which can be fatal. In such cases, the UWSD operation must be carried out as soon as possible (Tschopp et al., 2015). Tension pneumothorax is a precursor to cardiac arrest and immediate insertion of a chest tube diminishes the risk of cardiac arrest to a large extent. However, small pneumothorax do not require the intervention of a surgery, in such cases, conservatives and aspiration is the first priority (Tschopp et al., 2015). Analgesia however is the absolute necessity for both cases, to relieve the patient from severe pain. As a popular medication for analgesia, fentanyl citrate is the first choice of IV administration. Fentanyl, used as operative premedication, is used in 50-100 mcg/dose or 25/100 mcg/dose in usual. As a general anaesthesia it is used in a much lower dosage. This medication is absorbed through slow diffusion and is absorbed readily; the metabolism of fentanyl is hepatic, through production of a major metabolite. The analgesic properties of the fetanyl drug is almost twice the power of morphine, however, there are some side effects associated with the medication such as Coughing, chest pain, fever, fatigue, headache and painful urination (Hartrick et al., 2016). Conclusion: From the observation of the patient is can be clearly seen that the insertion of chest tube improved the condition of the patient drastically. Immediately after the insertion his pulse improved and his rapid breathing rates also deceased drastically. However with the extreme trauma that the patient underwent in the crash, the condition of the patient was already delicate and the delay in the treatment worsened the conditions further. Hence, it a single insertion event was not sufficient for the patient in order to recover normal functionality in the lungs and eradicate the air bubble from the pleural cavity (Woodrow, 2013). All these factors propagated the need for a second insertion and that could address the symptoms of the patient and prevented his onset to tension pneumothorax that could have been fatal for him. Reference List: Allen, B. R., Ganti, L. (2016). Chest Tube Thoracostomy. In Atlas of Emergency Medicine Procedures (pp. 149-153). Springer New York. Alrajab, S., Youssef, A. M., Akkus, N. I., Caldito, G. (2013). Pleural ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax: review of the literature and meta-analysis.Critical care,17(5), R208. Alrajhi, K., Woo, M. Y., Vaillancourt, C. (2012). Test characteristics of ultrasonography for the detection of pneumothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis.CHEST Journal,141(3), 703-708. Benns, M. V., Egger, M. E., Harbrecht, B. G., Franklin, G. A., Smith, J. W., Miller, K. R., ... Richardson, J. D. (2015). Does chest tube location matter? An analysis of chest tube position and the need for secondary interventions. journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 78(2), 386-390. Edaigbini, S. A., Delia, I. Z., Aminu, M. B., Orogade, A. A., Anumenechi, N., Ibrahim, A. D. (2014). Indications and complications of tube thoracostomy with improvised underwater seal bottles.Nigerian Journal of Surgery,20(2), 79-82. Hartrick, C. T., Knapke, D. M., Ding, L., Danesi, H., Jones, J. B. (2016). Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system versus morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain management following orthopedic surgery: A pooled analysis of randomized, controlled trials.Journal of opioid management,12(1), 37-45. Ho, S. C. (2015). Root Cause of Analysis of Peculiar Response of Pneumothorax to Chest Tube Drainage.Universal Journal of Medical Science,3(4), 87-90. Ianniello, S., Di Giacomo, V., Sessa, B., Miele, V. (2014). First-line sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax in major trauma: accuracy of e-FAST and comparison with multidetector computed tomography. La radiologia medica, 119(9), 674-680. Kuhajda, I., Zarogoulidis, K., Kougioumtzi, I., Huang, H., Li, Q., Dryllis, G., ... Papaiwannou, A. (2014). Tube thoracostomy; chest tube implantation and follow up.Journal of thoracic disease,6(4), S470-S479. Porpodis, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Spyratos, D., Domvri, K., Kioumis, I., Angelis, N., ... Tsakiridis, K. (2014). Pneumothorax and asthma.Journal of thoracic disease,6(1), S152-S161. Russo, R. M., Zakaluzny, S. A., Neff, L. P., Grayson, J. K., Hight, R. A., Galante, J. M., Shatz, D. V. (2015). A pilot study of chest tube versus pigtail catheter drainage of acute hemothorax in swine. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 79(6), 1038-1043. Tschopp, J. M., Bintcliffe, O., Astoul, P., Canalis, E., Driesen, P., Janssen, J., ... Waller, D. A. (2015). ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.European respiratory journal,46(2), 321-335. Woodrow, P. (2013). Intrapleural chest drainage.Nursing Standard,27(40), 49-56.